This milestone can be used as the final section of your Research Investigation final project submission. The following elements must be addressed as outlined in the Final Project Guidelines and Rubric

This milestone can be used as the final section of your Research Investigation final project submission. The following elements must be addressed as outlined in the Final Project Guidelines and Rubric
PSY 211 Literature Worksheet Article One Citation of Literature Watson, S. M., Westby, C. E., & Gable, R. A. (2007). Preventing School Failure. A Framework for Addressing the Needs of Students Prenatally Exposed to Alcohol and Other Drugs, 25-33. Authors’ Claims In the introduction, the authors review how children who are prenatally exposed to alcohol and other drugs delays or effect their learning and behavoiral problems by focusing on their abilities to shifting tasks, maintaining attention, and manipulating information based off memory. They believed that if educators have a better understanding of the nature of the disorder, they may be prone to selecting more effective classroom interventions that aligns with the deficits of those students based off the various risk factors related the prenatal exposure to drugs and/or alcohol. Influence of Factors on Human Development Based off the readings from the article it is to believe that environmental factor influenced the development of this study. A lot of the studies were school-based information (i.e. Surveys completed by teachers and professionals in the education field). The found that professionals in the education field in fact they underserved students with special needs. They agreed on needing more knowledge about the population of students and more training on how to teach and modify instruction. Historical Significance The article’s finding affects the historical evolution of developmental psychology because children exposed to drugs and alcohol prenatally are predisposed to a range of developmental problems that can negatively impacting learning. I to believe that drugs and alcohol used by parent during the prenatal period plays a big part in the developmental stages for kids. Developmental psychology looks at how one thinks, feels, and different behavior changes from birth to adolescent. Drugs and alcohol can hinder the cognitive and social development of a child. Research Methods and Design The researchers used data collected from surveys filled out my educational professionals (general, and special education teachers, speech-language pathologist, university faculty members, and preschool educators). They used to determine how well they are knowledgeable of students with disabilities and how to properly go about modifying work. The survey research design that was used was good because it gave specifics on area that educators needed to work on, but it should have included some statistics like numbers. Ethics Ethics weren’t discussed heavily in this particular study. However, I believe the study was still conducted ethically because those who participated in the survey participated willingly. The article did mention that teachers had to get parental permission to videotape students when they are engaged in inappropriate behaviors and have them evaluate their actions through a self-rating scale with adult guidance. Article Two Citation of Literature (Mattson, Calarco, & Lang, 2006)Mattson, S. N.; Calarco, K.E.; Lang, A.R. (2006) Focused and shifting attention in children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure. Neuropsychology, 361-369 Authors’ Claims The authors in this article review learning and behavioral problems of children exposed prenatally to alcohol and other drugs by focusing on executive-function deficits such as difficulty shifting tasks, maintaining attention, and manipulating information in working memory. They discuss various risk factors associated with prenatal drug exposure so that educators can better understand the nature of the disorder and choose more effective classroom interventions that address the deficits of these students. Influence of Factors on Human Development Based off the readings from the article environmental factor may have played a factor in the influence of the development of this study. There was no difference between age, socioeconomic status with no significant difference when it comes to the basis of sex, ethnicity or handedness. The conducted a study that consisted of 20 children both with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder and some Nonexposed Control. Historical Significance The article’s finding affects the historical evolution of developmental psychology because a child that is prenatally exposed to alcohol have the deficits in attention appearing to exhibit consistent and heavily in visual focused activity. They have a harder time maintaining attention over a long period of time. What I concluded about the developmental psychology from this article is because alcohol slows down or hinder the cognitive development it affects the ongoing learning on a child’s ability to successes while in school when it comes to sit throughout an entire lesson or being able to recount back what was taught.. Research Methods and Design Forty children ranging from the age 9 to 14 years of age served as participant in this study drawn from a larger study of the teratogenicity of alcohol. For the visual and auditory focus participants were required to manually respond to visual or auditory targets all while ignoring visual and auditory distractions. For shift participants (being able to move from one thing to another) they had to respond to one after the other to visual and auditory targets. Ethics Information was confirmed by maternal or collateral report or through medical, legal, or social service records. The study was conducted ethically because it was a one-time consent needed by getting parent and/or guardian approval to obtain records. It fits in with the view of ethics historically because study was conducted by numerous of researchers along with two doctors; one with affiliation with the University of California. Article Three Citation of Literature Dennis, Tracy; Bendersky, Margaret; Ramsey, Douglas; Lewis Michael (2006) Reactivity and Regulation in Children Prenatally Exposed to Cocaine. Developmental Psychology. 688-697. Authors’ Claims The authors claim that children prenatally exposed to cocaine may be at an elevated risk for adjustment problems in early development. They addressed their questions by examining frustration reactivity and regulation of behavior during a problem-solving task in cocaine exposed and unexpected preschoolers. In the end results indicated that cocaine exposed children took longer to attempt the problem-solving task and boys were the group that showed the most difficulties. Influence of Factors on Human Development The authors were trying to see the long-term psychological effects a child would encounter if they were prenatally exposed cocaine. Demographics and lifestyle information such as the mother’s race, highest level of education, income, and etcetera which influenced the study. Historical Significance There were no significant differences in the distributions of cocaine exposure, gender, perinatal medical risk, or environmental risk between participants who participated and those who refused to continue or were lost to the study from the neonatal period through 4.5 years of age. For over 20 years there have study shows that prenatal exposure to drugs may contribute to possible behavior and learning problems for children. Those exposed to it prenatally need just as much special attention as those who grow up in the household seeing parent and/or guardian using drugs. Research Methods and Design This study used data collected by mothers and children throughout a four-and-a-half-year span. For the children they had a complete a frustration task and only the behaviors during the frustration test were examined for measures of reactivity and regulations. For the mom they collected data by having mom fill out paperwork pertaining to her lifestyle, life history and usage of drugs. Ethics The study was conducted ethically because the experimenter described the study to the mother and obtained informed consent from her as well. At the end of the 4.5-year visit, 191 mothers in total participated. Of the 67 families not seen at 4.5 years, 15 moved out of the area, 15 declined to participate at this age, 28 could not be contacted for this age point, 1 child and 2 mothers died, and 6 went to foster parents who refused to participate.
This milestone can be used as the final section of your Research Investigation final project submission. The following elements must be addressed as outlined in the Final Project Guidelines and Rubric
PSY 211 Research Design Worksheet Citation of Literature S.M. Watson, C. W. (2007). A Framework for Addression the Needs of Students Prenatally Exposed to Alcohol and Other Drugs. Preventing School Failure, 25-33. S.N. Mattson, K. C. (2006). Focused and Shifting Attention in Children with Heavy Prenatal Alcohol Exposure. Neuropsychology, 361-369. Tracy Dennis, M. B. (2006). Reactivity and Regulation in Children Prenatally Exposed to Cocaine. Developmental Psychology, 688-697. Gap Identification Prenatal exposure to drugs is when a child is exposed to drugs before being born while in the mother’s womb. This happens because it can pass through the placenta from the mother to the child. Some of the drugs include alcohol and cocaine. For my research, I looked at articles that talked about the effects of drugs in kids who were exposed to drugs prenatally. Research Question In all the three articles, the authors have focused the research on children that have been exposed to drugs before birth and the consequences of the exposure in terms of learning and behavioral problems. The first two articles focused on children who had been exposed to alcohol as well as other drugs, while the last one looked at pre-schooling kids prenatally exposed to cocaine. All the researches have focused on the effects of the drugs in children and the problems the children are facing. However, the articles have not looked at how the children can be helped to cope up with these challenges and how education institutions can help them not fail in their studies. According to all the articles, the children have slow problem-solving skills as compared to healthy children. Therefore, my research question will be, ‘how can educators prevent school failure among learners that have been exposed to drugs prenatally?’ Research Design The research method that I will utilize is survey and observation. The article done by Watson et al. has some areas where educators need to focus on when dealing with learners that have been exposed to drugs prenatally. In my research project, I will use a small population of educators and learners prenatally exposed to drugs as well as the mother of the child. In the survey part, the mother of the child will have to fill out a form describing the behavior of her child in terms of school and problem-solving skills. The teacher will also fill out a form on the behavior of the sample population of prenatally exposed children. The teacher will indicate the behavior of the child before the research and after the research. The focus will be given to the attention of the learner during certain activities, problem-solving skills, and class performance. The sample population of the kids that I plan to work with is four, ranging from four years to ten years. The observation part will come in the four weeks program. In this part, the children will be involved in special learning methods with the teachers paying particular attention to the areas noted in the article by Watson et al. Then the teachers and the mothers will again fill out a survey form noting the changes in the learners. The results will be compared and therefore help in creating a curriculum that will prevent failure in learning among prenatally exposed students. I chose this research design because it will ensure that the results are quality and reliable. More so, I have chosen four weeks, which is about a month. Even though the period is short, it will prevent issues such as the sample population pulling out of the program. I also think that this research method is perfect for my project because it engages not only the learner and the educator, but also the parent of the child. This will make the mother feel involved in the growth of her child and to feel special as well. It is essential during research to ensure that the sample population feels comfortable and involved. Issues of Ethics Some of the ethical issues involved in this research is recording the students when engaging in various activities to assess their behavior. The research will be conducted ethically with consent from the mother on the child being filmed to serve as a record of analysis of the behavior of the child. More so, the mother will need to give records showing that the child was prenatally exposed to drugs and, if possible, mentioning the type of drug the child was exposed to. Also, the teacher should consent to participate in the program and agree to be recorded while educating this child. This will serve as evidence to show the areas in which the educator paid attention to. Also, I will ensure that all the participants, including the children, are informed of what is happening and have adequate knowledge of the research so as to give informed consent. The articles that I used for my research have influenced my decision to address ethical issues because, in all the articles, the participants gave an informed of consent. To sum it all up, children prenatally exposed to drugs are affected in terms of learning and behavior. They have a problem in understanding the concepts taught in class as well as slow problem-solving skills. These, therefore, frustrate most of them. More so, the children perform poorly in class. My research is, therefore, aiming at looking at ways in which the children can be taught and understand the concept and prevent them from failing in class. The research design will be survey and observation. The learners will be observed as different, and more engaging teaching methods are used. This will lead to a suggestion based on the findings of a curriculum that will help learners that were exposed to drugs before birth to succeed not only in the classroom environment but in their behavior as well and other skills required in life.